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Here's a statement of the obvious: The opinions expressed here are those of the participants, not those of the Mutual Fund Observer. We cannot vouch for the accuracy or appropriateness of any of it, though we do encourage civility and good humor.
  • AMG GW&K High Income Fund will be liquidated
    https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/720309/000119312524160798/d844723d497.htm
    497 1 d844723d497.htm AMG FUNDS III
    Filed pursuant to Rule 497(e)
    File Nos. 002-84012 and 811-03752
    AMG FUNDS III
    AMG GW&K High Income Fund
    Supplement dated June 13, 2024 to the Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information,
    each dated May 1, 2024
    The following information supplements and supersedes any information to the contrary relating to AMG GW&K High Income Fund (the “Fund”), a series of AMG Funds III (the “Trust”), contained in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information, dated as noted above.
    The Board of Trustees of the Trust has approved a plan to liquidate and terminate the Fund (the “Liquidation”), which is expected to occur on or about September 11, 2024 (the “Liquidation Date”). Effective on or about June 14, 2024, it is expected that the Fund will begin selling its portfolio investments and will invest the proceeds in cash and cash equivalents, in anticipation of the Liquidation. Proceeds of the Liquidation are expected to be distributed to shareholders of the Fund promptly following the Liquidation Date in full redemption of each shareholder’s shares of the Fund.
    Effective immediately following the close of business on June 13, 2024, the Fund will no longer accept investments, except for investments made through existing asset allocation programs investing in the Fund, and shares purchased pursuant to automatic investment programs, such as automatic investments through 401(k) plans and reinvestments of any dividends and distributions. Those shareholders investing in the Fund through one of the exceptions described above may continue to purchase shares of the Fund provided that such transactions settle prior to the Liquidation Date.
    A letter will be sent to shareholders who hold shares directly with the Fund (“Direct Shareholders”) setting forth the various options and instructions with respect to the Liquidation and the distribution of Direct Shareholders’ redemption proceeds. Any Direct Shareholder may elect to have redemption proceeds sent to them via check. Direct Shareholders may also elect to exchange their Fund shares into the same share class of any other fund in the AMG Funds family of funds that is open to new investors (subject to minimum initial investment requirements as described in such fund’s prospectus). Shareholders who hold their shares in the Fund through a financial intermediary should contact their financial representative to discuss their options with respect to the Liquidation and the distribution of such shareholders’ redemption proceeds.
    The Fund intends to distribute its accumulated net capital gains and net investment income, if any, to shareholders of record of the Fund as of the close of business on June 17, 2024; these distributions may be taxable to shareholders who do not hold their shares in a tax-advantaged account such as an IRA or 401(k).
    PLEASE KEEP THIS SUPPLEMENT FOR FUTURE REFERENCE
  • AMG GW&K Enhanced Core Bond ESG Fund will be liquidated
    https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/879947/000119312524160793/d849966d497.htm
    497 1 d849966d497.htm AMG FUNDS II
    Filed pursuant to Rule 497(e)
    File Nos. 033-43089 and 811-06431
    AMG FUNDS II
    AMG GW&K Enhanced Core Bond ESG Fund
    Supplement dated June 13, 2024 to the Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information,
    each dated May 1, 2024
    The following information supplements and supersedes any information to the contrary relating to AMG GW&K Enhanced Core Bond ESG Fund (the “Fund”), a series of AMG Funds II (the “Trust”), contained in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information, dated as noted above.
    The Board of Trustees of the Trust has approved a plan to liquidate and terminate the Fund (the “Liquidation”), which is expected to occur on or about September 11, 2024 (the “Liquidation Date”). Effective on or about June 14, 2024, it is expected that the Fund will begin selling its portfolio investments and will invest the proceeds in cash and cash equivalents, in anticipation of the Liquidation. Proceeds of the Liquidation are expected to be distributed to shareholders of the Fund promptly following the Liquidation Date in full redemption of each shareholder’s shares of the Fund.
    Effective immediately following the close of business on June 13, 2024, the Fund will no longer accept investments, except for investments made through existing asset allocation programs investing in the Fund, and shares purchased pursuant to automatic investment programs, such as automatic investments through 401(k) plans and reinvestments of any dividends and distributions. Those shareholders investing in the Fund through one of the exceptions described above may continue to purchase shares of the Fund provided that such transactions settle prior to the Liquidation Date.
    A letter will be sent to shareholders who hold shares directly with the Fund (“Direct Shareholders”) setting forth the various options and instructions with respect to the Liquidation and the distribution of Direct Shareholders’ redemption proceeds. Any Direct Shareholder may elect to have redemption proceeds sent to them via check. Direct Shareholders may also elect to exchange their Fund shares into the same share class of any other fund in the AMG Funds family of funds that is open to new investors (subject to minimum initial investment requirements as described in such fund’s prospectus). Shareholders who hold their shares in the Fund through a financial intermediary should contact their financial representative to discuss their options with respect to the Liquidation and the distribution of such shareholders’ redemption proceeds.
    The Fund intends to distribute its accumulated net capital gains and net investment income, if any, to shareholders of record of the Fund as of the close of business on June 17, 2024; these distributions may be taxable to shareholders who do not hold their shares in a tax-advantaged account such as an IRA or 401(k).
    PLEASE KEEP THIS SUPPLEMENT FOR FUTURE REFERENCE
  • AMG Beutel Goodman International Equity Fund will be liquidated
    https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912036/000119312524160800/d807981d497.htm
    497 1 d807981d497.htm AMG FUNDS IV
    Filed pursuant to Rule 497(e)
    File Nos. 033-68666 and 811-08004
    AMG FUNDS IV
    AMG Beutel Goodman International Equity Fund
    Supplement dated June 13, 2024 to the Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information,
    each dated March 1, 2024
    The following information supplements and supersedes any information to the contrary relating to AMG Beutel Goodman International Equity Fund (the “Fund”), a series of AMG Funds IV (the “Trust”), contained in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information, dated as noted above.
    The Board of Trustees of the Trust has approved a plan to liquidate and terminate the Fund (the “Liquidation”), which is expected to occur on or about September 11, 2024 (the “Liquidation Date”). Effective on or about June 14, 2024, it is expected that the Fund will begin selling its portfolio investments and will invest the proceeds in cash and cash equivalents, in anticipation of the Liquidation. Proceeds of the Liquidation are expected to be distributed to shareholders of the Fund promptly following the Liquidation Date in full redemption of each shareholder’s shares of the Fund.
    Effective immediately following the close of business on June 13, 2024, the Fund will no longer accept investments, except for investments made through existing asset allocation programs investing in the Fund, and shares purchased pursuant to automatic investment programs, such as automatic investments through 401(k) plans and reinvestments of any dividends and distributions. Those shareholders investing in the Fund through one of the exceptions described above may continue to purchase shares of the Fund provided that such transactions settle prior to the Liquidation Date.
    A letter will be sent to shareholders who hold shares directly with the Fund (“Direct Shareholders”) setting forth the various options and instructions with respect to the Liquidation and the distribution of Direct Shareholders’ redemption proceeds. Any Direct Shareholder may elect to have redemption proceeds sent to them via check. Direct Shareholders may also elect to exchange their Fund shares into the same share class of any other fund in the AMG Funds family of funds that is open to new investors (subject to minimum initial investment requirements as described in such fund’s prospectus). Shareholders who hold their shares in the Fund through a financial intermediary should contact their financial representative to discuss their options with respect to the Liquidation and the distribution of such shareholders’ redemption proceeds.
    The Fund intends to distribute its accumulated net capital gains and net investment income, if any, to shareholders of record of the Fund as of the close of business on June 17, 2024; these distributions may be taxable to shareholders who do not hold their shares in a tax-advantaged account such as an IRA or 401(k).
    PLEASE KEEP THIS SUPPLEMENT FOR FUTURE REFERENCE
  • Fido first impressions (vs Schwab)
    Chat conversations are very much with a human and the service that I've gotten from them has been just fine, thank you. You talk about people as if they were your personal servants. I'd surely pity anyone unfortunate enough to have to work for someone like you.

    I have spoken to many people on the phone including in my ex work thru complicated issues. I never got any complaints and I always got great reviews. Nobody, as well as I, were servants.
    But, I expect someone to be a pro at handling customers and getting the right answers.
    So let me repeat AGAIN, the best service is usually by talking to a human. That's my experience over many years working in IT in several businesses, including many years in financial institutions and as a customer. If it's important I demand it in writing. That saved me a lot of future problems and time of what was promised.
    If you feel otherwise, you can do it your way, others can try both.
    Just for the record, you made a harsh judgment of me without knowing anything about me while I never posted anything about you.
    I've never used Schwab's chat, but I have had great luck with Verizon, SiriusXM, T-Mobile, Amex, and other chat-based customer representatives. The advantage is that you can keep the log if there are any disputes down the road. These chat lines are run by 'people' as well ... so if you're decent to them, they'll likely be decent/efficient to you. I don't care HOW I interact with them as long as my problem/concern is addressed promptly and in a professional manner.
    ProTip: When using chat, if you think it's going to be an 'uncomfortable' conversation with likely attempts to upsell, (eg, cancelling cable TV) just type your problem (or a set of responses) out in NotePad or TextEdit first and then blow it into chat as needed based on the flow of the chat. Lots of folks don't know that browser-based chat reps often can see you typing / correcting / rephrasing things in the chat window and adjust their pitch to you on-the-fly based on if you seem undecided or waffling.
    Edit: Schwab CSR got back to me on one of my enquiries, but I had to read it 3x to understand which issue they were responding to b/c the non-boilerplate part of the response read more like a technical trouble ticket, not a response to a brokerage account question.
  • Fido first impressions (vs Schwab)
    Chat conversations are very much with a human and the service that I've gotten from them has been just fine, thank you. You talk about people as if they were your personal servants. I'd surely pity anyone unfortunate enough to have to work for someone like you.
    I have spoken to many people on the phone including in my ex work thru complicated issues. I never got any complaints and I always got great reviews. Nobody, as well as I, were servants.
    But, I expect someone to be a pro at handling customers and getting the right answers.
    So let me repeat AGAIN, the best service is usually by talking to a human. That's my experience over many years working in IT in several businesses, including many years in financial institutions and as a customer. If it's important I demand it in writing. That saved me a lot of future problems and time of what was promised.
    If you feel otherwise, you can do it your way, others can try both.
    Just for the record, you made a harsh judgment of me without knowing anything about me while I never posted anything about you.
  • FOMC Statement, 6/12/24
    Post-Conference Notes by YBB
    Rates are maintained - fed funds 5.25-5.50%, bank reserves rate 5.4%, discount rate 5.5%. Inflation target remains +2% average. Base-effects have caused a slight bump in recent inflation data. Confidence in progress on inflation is low, so higher rates for longer can be expected. Neutral/equilibrium rates is a theoretical concept that is good only in hindsight. Ad-hoc evidence of price reductions is just that.
    Treasury QT continues at the reduced level of -$25 billion/mo, but MBS QT remain at -$35 billion/mo.
    Monetary policy is restrictive, although economic data remain flat now.
    Labor market remains strong, but it isn't overheating.
    Housing is weak. The OERs (owners' equivalent rent) remain elevated. There is an overall shortage of houses.
    Consumer spending has been rising, so is the consumer debt. Household wealth is also rising. But many consumers are unhappy as lower inflation doesn't mean lower prices.
    Banks are in good financial shape.
    Dollar is strong, but that is Treasury's responsibility.
    Internal review of the Fed will start later in the year.
    New SEPs (Summary of Economic Projections) were released.
    https://ybbpersonalfinance.proboards.com/post/1512/thread
  • Good site for Bank Ratings?
    While it does not give an actual overall rating, quarterly financial call reports are are prepared and submitted by banks to a repository. Uniform Bank Performance Reports (UBPRs) are generated based on the information submitted from those call reports which have financial ratios in comparison to their peers.
    You can check the FFIEC website for public information.
    https://www.ffiec.gov/
  • Good site for Bank Ratings?
    I like the idea of looking at NRSRO ratings such as Fitch. Financial institutions will usually give their ratings on their website.
    For example, here's Morgan Stanley Bank's ratings. Morgan Stanley has its own credit ratings and separate ratings of its subsidiaries. Scroll past the former to get to the Morgan Stanley Bank ratings.
    I also like Weiss (not an NRSRO). From WSJ, May 6, 2010 (subscription required):
    Weiss Group LLC, an independent research provider, bought back a financial-institutions rating business it previously sold and intends to apply for the unit to become a "nationally recognized statistical ratings organization," or NRSRO, the group's chairman said.
    The unit, Weiss Ratings, produces "financial-safety ratings" for hundreds of U.S. banks and insurance companies and doesn't accept compensation from the companies it rates.
    ...
    The ratings from Weiss are meant to be an indicator of the risk and financial soundness of banks and insurance companies. They are similar to the "financial strength ratings" that NRSROs like Moody's Investors Service and A.M. Best currently provide on financial institutions.
    Here's Weiss' rating of Morgan Stanley Bank, and Weiss' page describing its bank ratings in detail.
    DepositAccounts rates Morgan Stanley Bank a B+ for health. The single 3* rating that you see is just a subjective rating by a user apparently disappointed with the rate offered on a CD. It has nothing to do with safety, which end users are ill equipped to comment on.
    https://www.depositaccounts.com/banks/morgan-stanley-bank-national-association.html#health
  • Current CDs are Compelling
    FYI - The link takes one to the login page.
    If you're already logged in (requires a Merrill account) the link takes you to the cited page. If you have a log in but are not logged in, then when you log in on that login page you'll land on the cited page.
    If you don't have a login, you can still get the list of available MMFs from the next link (rates and mins). But you won't know what their settlement date is or by what hour you must submit orders for execution on the indicated day (ranging from 11:45AM to 5:00PM(!)).
    Why it matters is that settlement dates affect when cash is needed for trades. I've been unable to do an exchange between two MMFs in the same family simply because they had different settlement days. I had to sell one fund and subsequently buy another. What other timing/trading impacts the differences in settlement days have I leave as an exercise.
    Among other things, the inability to invest pennies means that small amounts of cash (earning virtually nothing) will gradually pile up. If your fund is paying $N.75 per month, then you'll have 75¢ in cash after one month, $1.50 in cash after two months, etc. I expect loose change in a couch but not in a financial institution. Material or not, this is a shortcoming that I've not seen at any other institution.
  • Rainy Day in Goldland
    Since GLD inception 11-18-2004 recent history:
    CAGR SPY 10.07% VBINX 60/40 7.38% and GLD 8.52%.
    Interesting. Since inception GLD has done a little better on average than VBINX. However, VBINX’s inception date is about 12 years earlier (1992).
    I agree with FD that gold hasn’t been a good investment compared to stocks. Can’t give you a good reason to own it. It does receive some attention from the financial press and is held by many central banks. There have been brief periods over the years where it outperformed many other investments. Very pretty stuff to look at I think. But that’s in the eyes of the beholder.
    Possibly of interest - Costco selling as much as $200 million in gold bars monthly
  • Fido first impressions (vs Schwab)
    Based on the timing, I'd guess the explanation is that MrRuffles is a Schwab Private Client. This is a new feature added July 10, 2023, and includes a dedicated rep.
    Schwab press release
    These dedicated reps, even credentialed ones, are more salespeople than advisors.
    As part of these new experiences, all HNW and UHNW clients have access to a dedicated Schwab consultant who is responsible for their overall relationship with Schwab at no additional cost to them. ...
    I received written responses from Michael Cianfrocca, my media contact at Schwab. He advised me that:
    1. The new services aren’t advisory.
    2. The dedicated financial consultant will primarily connect clients to different resources at Schwab, which are not free.
    3. While some financial consultants are CFPs, their “primary role” is acting as a concierge and directing clients to Schwab's relevant services.
    4. The financial consultants are not fiduciaries.
    https://www.advisorperspectives.com/articles/2023/07/19/schwabs-insurance-leverage-marketing-solin
  • Fido first impressions (vs Schwab)
    I asked my Schwab rep out of Texas if they could waive TF’s on a number of MF’s after a rep in my local office gave me the thumbs down. The remote rep was happy to do it and I just had to inform them after making my purchases.

    It seems it is discretionary and on a case by case basis.
    Do you get to reach the same rep each time or you have to call the pool of reps and take your chances that you might get an obliging rep?
    Thanks
    Schwab assigned me a dedicated Financial Consultant/CFP last year so i was able to directly email them with my request.
  • Current CDs are Compelling
    What is the difference between VMFXX and VMRXX, except for the 1 or 2 basis points 7-day yield difference?
    VMRXX product summary from VG website: "The fund invests at least 99.5% of its total assets in cash, U.S. government securities, and/or repurchase agreements that are collateralized solely by U.S. government securities or cash (collectively, government securities). The fund invests more than 25% of its assets in securities issued by companies in the financial services industry, which includes securities issued by certain government-sponsored enterprises. The fund is considered one of the most conservative investment options offered by Vanguard. Although the fund invests in short-term U.S. government securities, the amount of income that a shareholder may receive will be largely dependent on the current interest rate environment. Investors who have a short-term savings goal and are interested in a fund that invests in securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies may wish to consider this option." [Bold added]
    The sentence in Bold is not there in product summary for VMFXX, their default sweep fund. Is that the only difference between these two products?
  • Vanguard Website
    @msf @sven
    Worth talking to Lynnbolin2021 who uses both Vanguard and Fido advisors I think.
    The Vanguard guy did not seem inexperienced on the phone, but clearly said they would not take any of our legacy positions into account when managing our money. Most is in Berkshire.So we would have had to sort do mental arithmetic to account for it
    Fido, as I mentioned, seemed to offer little for the fee
    Schwab farmed it out to a large independent firm ( Wealth Management Group) whose financial planning seemed comprehensive and pretty good. They reviewed our wills and caught significant typo our lawyer had missed, for example.
    The portfolio was individual stocks with bond mutual funds. They had a plan to slowly sell positions they felt were not useful.
    The portfolios resembled SCHD and SCHG, but hey had a tighter screen for a few parameters. It was unclear how flexible they were with their portfolios and if they changed dramatically. SCHD is a very cheap fund and only lost 3% in 202 but since has done little. My "Deep value" advisor is morevolitle but has beaten it by a mile.
    All in all I was impressed but since I am still Compos Mentus, decided I could wait to switch. For someone who needs help, unless you go "All Bernstein" it is not a bad choice.
  • Vanguard Website
    @sma3, thank you for sharing your experience with Schwab, Fidelity, and Vanguard brokerages. I think it is a crapshoot of which agents you deal with and that set the tone on whether that firm works for you or not. These days there are high turnovers in the financial business. Planners I talk with have less than 10 years of experience. We are working on Plan B so that my wife can handle the finance without advisors when I pass on.
    Like you I also subscribed to "No Load Fund Analyst" for a number of years until they retired that business. Rather than using an advisor early on, we spent time learning about asset allocation from William Bernstein's books. NLFA became the tool to implement the target allocation in our portfolio and the value of active management. This process has proven invaluable as we survived the severe drawdowns during the dotcom and GFC crisis, and we became more informed investors and asking the right questions.
    We have been DIY investors ever since. Until last year I explored using financial advisors to manage part of our portfolio. Vanguard is reasonable with 0.3% fee but the choices are limited to Vanguard products only. Think that is the same with most brokerages. This experiment ended as we moved on from Vanguard.
    Fidelity offers their advisory services and I will talk with them to better understand their capabilities now that I had experience with Vanguard.
  • Vanguard Website
    I gave Vanguard a chance too, but they said they would ignore all of our existing low cost basis stocks so I though that was a no go.
    Years ago I suggested to a friend what became Vanguard Personal Advisor Select. (At the time there was only one tier, with a $50K min.)
    Vanguard was good about preserving investments with large gains and only selling them off gradually over several years. It was a pleasant contrast to TIAA, where this person had watched as an "advisor" immediately sold off everything at the start.
    TIAA compounded the problem later by harvesting a loss in a taxable account while purchasing the same security in an IRA - thus generating a wash sale and permanently destroying the ability to declare the harvested loss.
    On the tax front, Vanguard seems to be doing okay. Someone else I know with them was told that an account had recently crossed the designated allocation ranges and Vanguard could rebalance. Given that this was in a taxable account and rebalancing would recognize gains, Vanguard provided the option of rebalancing or not.
    Maybe you just got hold of an inexperienced person at Vanguard or someone who was having a bad day.
  • Vanguard Website
    @sven
    Fido was wife's 401k custodian so most of her retirement money is there.
    Our joint taxable account we started in 1988 at Schwab when we had an advisor for mutual funds. He used Littman-Gregory " No Load Fund Analyst" ( anybody else remember them?) so I finally decided I could do it myself with the newsletter. Then they stopped the newsletter and I didn't think it was worth a 0.7% fee on top of MF fees. Fortunately Fund Alarm was available.
    While the advisors at Schwab changed frequently in the past, they have been stable the last 10 years. I can email the guy we have and he responds quickly.
    I don't use them for investment advice but they are helpful with paperwork etc. I did explore their financial planning but decided I could do just as well with investments for now.
    We never really connected to someone at Fido. I gave them a chance last year to demonstrate their ideas about financial planning and they kinda blew it. The rep didn't seem interested in following up and all they offered was Fido mutual funds.
    I gave Vanguard a chance too, but they said they would ignore all of our existing low cost basis stocks so I though that was a no go.
    I am sorta in the "paranoid" level of account security ( like Andy Grove) and I think having about a 50/50 split in brokerages is not a bad idea.
    If they have good analytics, I have missed them, so I use M* and Quicken and a lot of the stuff people use here.
  • Vanguard Website
    It was not an easy decision for us on Vanguard after being investors for over 30 years. The company has changed…
    As I mentioned on this board, we initiated to move all tax-deferred accounts out to Fidelity. The transfer was completed with 5 days through ACAT, and the cost base information arrived several days later. As of yesterday, we transfer half of our joint account to Fidelity. We decide to keep the other half at Vanguard for the same reasons @msf mentioned above.
    I can confirm that Fidelity offers $1,000 per $1M asset transfer to Fidelity after 60 days. They assigned an agent directly to oversee the transfer. The process is straightforward but it is nice touch to have a history with a specific person. And that is something Vanguard lacks. Additionally, we were contact from Fidelity’s financial consultant immediately to offer their service. I hesitated until we are ready to engage with them.
    By the way, we have Vanguard managed part of our asset through their Advisory Select service (minimum $500k) as part of an experiment in case I pass away before my wife. We ended that relationships immediately when we decided to move on from Vanguard.
  • Lazard Managed Equity Volatility Portfolio will be liquidated
    https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/874964/000093041324001838/c109092_497.htm
    497 1 c109092_497.htm
    THE LAZARD FUNDS, INC.
    Lazard Managed Equity Volatility Portfolio
    Supplement to Current Summary Prospectus and Prospectus
    The Board of Directors of The Lazard Funds, Inc. (the “Fund”) has approved the liquidation of Lazard Managed Equity Volatility Portfolio (the “Portfolio”).
    No further investments are being accepted into the Portfolio, except for investments by certain brokers or other financial intermediaries or employee benefit or retirement plans (acting on behalf of their clients or participants) with pre-existing investments in the Portfolio pursuant to an agreement or other arrangement with the Fund, the Distributor or another agent of the Fund regarding Portfolio investments. Promptly upon completion of liquidation of the Portfolio’s investments, the Portfolio will redeem all its outstanding shares by distribution of its assets to shareholders in amounts equal to the net asset value of each shareholder’s Portfolio investment. It is anticipated that the Portfolio’s assets will be distributed to shareholders on or about August 5, 2024.
    Prior to the liquidation of the Portfolio, depending on the arrangements of any broker or other financial intermediary associated with your account through which Portfolio shares are held, the Fund’s exchange privilege may allow you to exchange shares of the Portfolio for shares of the same Class of another series of the Fund in an identically registered account. Please see the section of the Prospectus entitled “Shareholder Information—Investor Services—Exchange Privilege” for more information.
    Dated: June 5, 2024
  • About the 4% rule
    William Bengen published Conserving Client Portfolios During Retirement, Part III
    in the Dec. 1997 Journal of Financial Planning. His recommended range for stock allocation
    was between 50% and 75% for a 65 year-old investor.
    "Because withdrawal rates within the recommended range of stocks are essentially equal,
    they are not very useful in selecting stock allocation.
    For another view of the matter, consider Chart 10, which depicts the nominal wealth built up
    in a portfolio after 30 years, for a retiree who began withdrawing four percent the first year.
    The two stock allocations displayed, 50 percent and 75 percent, represent the extreme ends
    of the 'recommended range' for this investor at age-65 retirement."

    PDF1
    Edit/Add: Bengen published Conserving Client Portfolios During Retirement, Part IV
    in the May 2001 Journal of Financial Planning. Two alternative withdrawal strategies are explored.
    PDF2