@Crash,
This fund is probably the closest investment I own that has the touch of just two people... The Bruce Family...father and son. YACKX comes to mind, but I think that has changed. Maybe there are others still, but fewer and fewer funds operate this way. Not an index fund. As old school as they come. Hell, you have to mail your buy and sell orders. I own this in my HSA. I find BRUFX helps me... keep well.

Roth IRA used to have $2,000 limit when it started in 1998. Many people don’t have jobs with 401K) and 403(b) plans. How can one save enough for retirement with $6,000 and 1,000 catch-up, per year?

I converted my small Traditional IRA (~ $35K) to a Roth IRA in 1998.
I've been very fortunate that the Roth IRA has increased in value considerably since 1998.
However, the Roth by itself would not provide for a comfortable retirement.
Thankfully, I also have access to 401k and HSA plans.
It would be beneficial to have a retirement plan similar to the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) universally available for employees without access to traditional 401k/403b plans (often employees at smaller companies).

The contribution limit for 401k/403b/457 plans will increase from $19,500 in 2021 to $20,500 in 2022.
The catch-up contribution limit remains $6,500.
Contribution limits and catch-up contribution limits for Traditional/Roth IRAs are unchanged at $6,000 and $1,000 respectively.
HSA contribution limits for single coverage will increase from $3,600 in 2021 to $3,650 in 2022.
HSA contribution limits for family coverage will increase from $7,200 in 2021 to $7,300 in 2022.
The catch-up contribution limit is unchanged at $1,000.
Refer to the article for additional contribution/income limits.
Link

No deductions. None. And I assume the tax applies to all income. For all taxpayers including businesses, which is the subject of this thread.
So we eliminate the deduction that mutual funds get for passing through their earnings to investors. Make no mistake, that's a deduction that they get now. See IRC 26 USC § 852, that talks about "the deduction for dividends paid", including "capital gain dividends". Mutual funds will be taxed on their earnings.
And we eliminate the IRA deduction. That's an "above the line" deduction rather than an itemized deduction, but a deduction is a deduction. We want to keep things simple. Obviously HSA, FSA, 401k deductions, and so forth also get tossed.
And income is income, no special cases there either. In the above cited 26 USC § 852 is §852(b)(6). That excludes certain sales of appreciated property from being counted as income. Of course that special treatment has to go in pursuit of simplicity and fairness. That's the exclusion that enables ETFs to spin off capital gains without them being taxed. So now we tax the ETF in-kind transactions like all other income.
Regarding the suggested tax regimen generally, Milton Friedman was more considerate of the poor. In 1962 he proposed what he called a negative income tax. The amount paid on zero income would be negative, and taxes increased (at a flat rate) as one's income increased.
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/business/23scene.html
https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/negative-income-tax-explained

FWIW - HSAFX’s allocation per Lipper:
46% Stocks
41% Cash
13% Bonds
0% Other

His allocation fund HSAFX isn't all that great, but at least it's up 7% ytd and was up 11% in 2020 (M* figures).

Thanks @msf for chiming in. Not only do articles get things wrong, but rules change.
I like to visit Ed Slott's website for accurate information and updates on changes. Here is a link to a HSA search on his site for HSA topics (128 articles) that usually get it right.
https://irahelp.com/search/ft/hsa
One that hit me was the advantage passing an HSA on to a spouse verses the disadvantage of it being inherited by a non- spouse:
Why Your Kids Don’t Want Your HSA
why-your-kids-don%E2%80%99t-want-your-hsa

How to Be Proactive With Your Medicare Options:
planning-for-medicare

A very good piece that mentions many of the gotchas often omitted. For example, articles often note that HSA account money can be used to pay for Medicare premiums, but they don't clarify that one cannot use HSA money for Medigap premiums. This piece got it right.
This leads to a (weak) argument in favor of Medicare Advantage plans. MA plans can provide coverage (e.g. an out of pocket cap) similar to Medigap plans. And you can pay for their premiums with HSA money, unlike Medigap premiums.
There is a related gotcha that was omitted. You can only use money from your HSA to pay for Medicare premiums if you are over age 65. That may sound like a nobrainer, but you could have Medicare at an earlier age, or you might be paying your spouse's Medicare premiums while you yourself are still under age 65.
One detail that it got wrong is:

Unlike tax brackets, the [IRMAA] thresholds don’t automatically change with inflation.

But they do automatically change:

Starting on January 1, 2020, the threshold amounts will resume adjustment for inflation

20 CFR § 418.1105(c)
That comes from the ACA (which also suspended inflation adjustments for several years before 2020).

You Invest by Chase had a variety of quirks as well. The main attraction to me was 3100 ntf funds that could be sold anytime without incurring early redemption transaction fees. There was no list of funds available before I invested, but when Chase confirmed I could buy PRWBX DODIX and SHSAX ntf, I opened an account. Unfortunately, my brokerage account was locked twice, and I initiated a full account transfer to Fidelity.

SHSAX and BALPX apparently made a mid year distribution in the range of 2-3% today. Fidelity revealed this info minutes ago after I started this discussion, saving me from looking even more foolish !

@Baseball_Fan.... To be nice, I'll mention that Hussman's Total Return fund (HSTRX) only had 2 down calendar years out of 18, with a +5% average return over the life of the fund.
Not sure which of his funds you dabble with. His newer Allocation fund (HSAFX) has done kinda ok so far.
But yeah, he missed the Fed boat completely, and he never corrected/adjusted appropriately. Stubborn.

Taxable 1 - 3 mutual funds, 1 ETF
Taxable 2 - 1 individual stock
401(k) - 2 mutual funds (one fund will be replaced by a CIT "clone" on 07/01), 1 CIT
Roth IRA - 3 mutual funds (one fund is also owned in Taxable 1 account)
HSA - 1 mutual fund

Lots of semi-random comments:
Hank's The [Fidelity] 30-day limitation for in-house funds is perfectly reasonable - roughly what TRP insists on.
This reflects each fund house's excessive trading policy - something similar to but different from short term redemption fees. A key difference is that redemption fees are "just" money. Excessive trading rules can lock you out of trading. No Fidelity fund has a short term fee, and I believe the same is true for TRP funds.
TRP's policy can be found in each fund's statutory prospectus. It bars you from buying shares in a fund account if you sold shares from that account within 30 days. Notice the time constraint is on sell followed by purchase. All you need are two transactions (sell followed by buy) to trigger a restriction. Vanguard has a similar policy.
Fidelity's policy is more complex. It defines a short term round trip as a buy followed by a sell within 30 days. The policy begins to take effect only if you execute two round trips within 90 days of each other.
This seems somewhat less restrictive: you're allowed to buy/sell/buy in any time frame with no consequences. It's only the second short term (30 day) sell that triggers a freeze. But if triggered, it lasts longer than at TRP; at Fidelity the bar against purchases lasts 85 days and you're placed on a watch list.
Fidelity's Excessive Trading Policy and 2020 Update
In Mona's boglehead's link, the OP writes: HSA w/ company which im maxing out and investing it in Vanguard Real Estate Fund.
There's no response to this part of the post, but Fidelity offers the cheapest, broadest HSA around (it's a regular brokerage account). Many employer HSAs have fees or restrictions attached. What one can do is contribute to the employer's HSA (to get added employee tax benefits and match) and then transfer the money to an external (Fidelity) HSA. One can even buy a share class of Vanguard Real Estate Fund VNQ with no commission in a Fidelity HSA.
I agree with much of what sma3 wrote (also having had accounts at Vanguard, Fidelity, and Schwab for years). Though here are some items that reasonable people can view differently:
Vanguard is clunky
Likely true for many operations; I find it easy to use for the only thing I care about there: buying and selling mutual funds
Fidelity has ... an easy website
Yes, but the more they change it to look like their small screen ap, the worse it gets. Fidelity recently changed its bill payment interface so now I have to go through multiple screens to accomplish what used to be easier. And I can no longer give it a list of payees to display by default; it always starts with every one I've left in the system.
Vanguard is ... putting up more and more restrictions on nonV funds
It doesn't let you buy or sell leveraged/inverse ETFs. OTOH, to buy aggressive funds like PQTAX, Fidelity requires you to sign an agreement and set your account investment objective to most aggressive, while Vanguard just puts up a dialog box informing you that you should be aware of the risks.
A few years ago, Schwab stopped selling load funds (unless they were sold load-waived). I believe Vanguard has a similar policy. Fidelity still sells funds with loads. The way this may play out is that, e.g. for NMFAX, Fidelity will sell the A shares with a load, Schwab will have arranged for them to be sold NTF, and Vanguard won't sell them.

As with Vanguard, the question may be moot. AFAIK, one can't open a fund position directly in either family.
Sample prospectus boilerplate:

If you do not currently have a Fidelity ® brokerage account or a Fidelity ® mutual fund account and would like to invest in a fund, you may need to complete an application. For more information about a Fidelity ® brokerage account or a Fidelity ® mutual fund account, please visit Fidelity's web site at www.fidelity.com, call 1-800-FIDELITY, or visit a Fidelity Investor Center (call 1-800-544-9797 for the center nearest you).

But all one finds on Fidelity.com is this list of "accounts for investing":
Brokerage Accounts, Cash Management Accounts, HSA Accounts, and 529 College Savings Plans.
No mutual fund accounts.
https://www.fidelity.com/customer-service/investing
Under Forms, if one checks "open an account" one sees a plethora of account forms, but the only two forms presented to open a vanilla, individual taxable account are a CMA (brokerage) application and a "Non-Retirement Brokerage Account for Individuals, Joint" application.
https://www.fidelity.com/customer-service/forms-applications/all-forms
Decades ago, Fidelity nudged all investors off of their mutual fund platform onto their brokerage platform. (Who remembers T-account numbers?) Vanguard is in the middle of that process now.

@msf said,

You don't want more money in the HSAs than you can withdraw tax-free (not enough medical expenses). Keep the faster growing assets in the genuine Roth IRAs.

An HSA can be inherited by a spouse...maybe the term is rolled into a spouse's HSA when a spouse is the benficiary of an HSA. So maybe having a little extra for that purpose makes sense. Otherwise, an HSA used for non-medical purposes (after age 65), is treated much like a deferred IRA with no RMDs.

I found this very interesting and worth sharing.
...
https://theretirementmanifesto.com/your-bucket-strategy-questions-answered/

A good, common sense piece with a bit of substance to it. A few items there worth highlighting:
- Asset allocation. Rather than work with fixed percentages, the allocation is done by time: so many years in cash, so many years in bonds, and the remainder in equities. In his case, he came up with 63% (not 60%) in equities. He's actually got a pretty conservative cash (3 year) / bond (8 year) allocation. The cash/bond allocation lets you invest the remainder (however much that is) in equities without worrying about sequence of return risk, volatility "risk", etc.
- Annuities. He avoids the question of what bucket this income stream (or pensions, or SS) falls into. If one were targeting a particular asset allocation, then this question would matter. But because he's basing cash and bond allocations on how much extra income he needs, this question never arises.
He touches on annuity strategies, which seems beyond the scope of bucket strategies. But since he went there, it's worth reiterating that for many people, using retirement assets to defer SS until age 70 is the optimal strategy.
In a new paper summarized here, 401(k) assets would be used to automatically provide an income stream until age 70. A temporary life annuity can provide the same income stream while enhancing value with mortality credits. (The downside is that if you die before age 70, you don't get the full value of the temporary annuity.)
https://www.kitces.com/blog/understanding-the-role-of-mortality-credits-why-immediate-annuities-beat-bond-ladders-for-retirement-income/
- HSAs. He keeps his in cash, presumably to spend as expenses are incurred. For investing, he recommends bucket 3 (equities). My take is different - I suggest bucket 2.
HSAs are like Roth IRAs - withdrawals are tax-free - so long as one can pair them with past medical expenses. I would put my slower growing Roth-ish assets into HSAs to limit the risk that the HSAs grow too fast. You don't want more money in the HSAs than you can withdraw tax-free (not enough medical expenses). Keep the faster growing assets in the genuine Roth IRAs.

I have a small position in FSPHX and have had it for a while. I've been taking a closer look at FSMEX and I can't come up with a reason to keep FSPHX over FSMEX. Using premium... PRHSX and SHSAX along with a newcomer I've been watching ETIHX comes up. But it just seems FSMEX is far and away the consistent performer - looking at APR vs. Peer, Ulcer, Martin and DD. It has been outperforming my current FSPHX which had a tough 2020 in the vs. peer category. That said, it's beaten the S&P 500 consistently since it's inception. But so has FSMEX.
Just wondering if anyone has an opinion.

TGGFX PFOAX GSGIX Diversified in case 1 blows up! SHSAX more sedate health care fund with low minimums at Schwab.

I tried to purchase ITCSX at Saturna, which uses Pershing Fund marketplace AFAIK. Got the following message: "The fund you have selected is not available to be purchased by residents of your state or country. Please contact Saturna for further assistance". Already own PRWCX in this HSA account, but Pershing was mentioned as one of the platforms that offers it, so I thought I'd check it out.

Ya, I guess with Dr Hussman the old saying, I'd rather be rich than right comes to mind. Have to state, if you read his commentary, directionally it makes a lot of rational sense...kind of the opposite of GME, Gamestop, ARK moonshot investing, etc.
Candidly, I always found it interesting that those who did NOT sell in 08'-09' and just held were considered "smart investors". As I recall at the time, the market could have easily lost another 50% at the lows, no one knew that the Bernake and the Fed were going to implement QE. Back then saw many "wise" investors come back to work after they retired as they "buy and hold'ed" and got sawed in half, 401k to 201k, home values plummeted, dangerous, frightening times...remember talk one weekend of the entire financial system locking up...thank goodness Paulsen saved us (sarc or did he really?)
I'm more interested in HSAFX than the older growth fund HSGFX...the former being more of an allocation fund. That being said I can't seem to purchase HSAFX thru Schwab. I think it's going to take combo of technical, trend and valuation investing skill sets and sure, pure luck to make sustainable money in the markets this year.
Best,
Baseball Fan