"When The U.S. Government Tried To Replace Migrant Farmworkers With High Schoolers",1965

SIDENOTE: In 1960, I worked with migrants in Michigan for several days, picking strawberries and raspberries. Two different time frames, being early and later summer. I wanted to make some spending money and had an opportunity. I don't recall, but I didn't make much money, even in 1960 dollar terms. The next year, 1961, age 13; I worked at a local small farm, owned by an uncle of two neighborhood friends. The 3 of us pulled 'hay' bales from the field, with hay hooks, and stacked them on an old wooden, flat wagon. We repeated this again later in the season, for both hay and straw. The straw bales also needed to be stacked into the upper portion of the barn loft (could be very hot in the summer) to be used later for bedding for cattle. The 'hay' was used for immediate feed and/or sold to others for the same use. We worked about 6 hours per day, as needed, and with a few breaks. The 'uncle' provided lunch, which was a trip to a 'bar' in a nearby small city. The food was excellent. Lunch, usually was a hamburger or two, fries and a soda and water. We were paid $1 in wage for the 6 hours of work. Anyway, one of many ventures I was involved in during my very young years, to make a buck.

Now for some history…1965

NPR - The year red-blooded patriotic American high-school jocks replaced migrant farm workers!

The year was 1965. On Cinco de Mayo, newspapers across the country reported that Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz wanted to recruit 20,000 high schoolers to replace the hundreds of thousands of Mexican agricultural workers who had labored in the United States under the so-called Bracero Program.

Started in World War II, the program was an agreement between the American and Mexican governments that brought Mexican men to pick harvests across the U.S. It ended in 1964, after years of accusations by civil rights activists like Cesar Chavez that migrants suffered wage theft and terrible working and living conditions.

But farmers complained — in words that echo today's headlines — that Mexican laborers did the jobs that Americans didn't want to do, and that the end of the Bracero Program meant that crops would rot in the fields.

Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz cited this labor shortage and a lack of summer jobs for high schoolers as reason enough for the program. But he didn't want just any band geek or nerd — he wanted jocks.

"They can do the work," Wirtz said at a press conference in Washington, D.C., announcing the creation of the project, called A-TEAM — Athletes in Temporary Employment as Agricultural Manpower. "They are entitled to a chance at it." Standing beside him to lend gravitas were future Baseball Hall of Famers Stan Musial and Warren Spahn and future Pro Football Hall of Famer Jim Brown.

Over the ensuing weeks, the Department of Labor, the Department of Agriculture, and the President's Council on Physical Fitness bought ads on radio and in magazines to try to lure lettermen. "Farm Work Builds Men!" screamed one such promotion, which featured 1964 Heisman Trophy winner John Huarte.

Local newspapers across the country showcased their local A-TEAM with pride as they left for the summer.

Wirtz's scheme seemed to work at first: About 18,100 teenagers signed up to join the A-TEAM. One of them was 17 year old Randy Carter, a junior at the now-closed University of San Diego High School, an all-boys Catholic school in Southern California.

Students from across the country began showing up on farms in Texas and California at the beginning of June. Carter and his 24 classmates were assigned to pick cantaloupes near Blythe, a small town on the Colorado River in the middle of California's Colorado Desert.

He remembers the first day vividly. Work started before dawn, the better to avoid the unforgiving desert sun to come. "The wind is in your hair, and you don't think it's bad," Carter says. "Then you go out in the field, and the first ray of sun comes over the horizon. The first ray. Everyone looked at each other, and said, 'What did we do?' The thermometer went up like in a Bugs Bunny cartoon. By 9 a.m., it was 110 degrees."

Garden gloves that the farmers gave the students to help them harvest lasted only four hours, because the cantaloupe's fine hairs made grabbing them feel like "picking up sandpaper." They got paid minimum wage — $1.40 an hour back then — plus 5 cents for every crate filled with about 30 to 36 fruits. Breakfast was "out of the Navy," Carter says — beans and eggs and bologna sandwiches that literally toasted in the heat, even in the shade.

The University High crew worked six days a week, with Sundays off, and they were not allowed to return home during their stint. The farmers sheltered them in "any kind of defunct housing," according to Carter — old Army barracks, rooms made from discarded wood, and even buildings used to intern Japanese-Americans during World War II.

Problems arose immediately for the A-TEAM nationwide. In California's Salinas Valley, 200 teenagers from New Mexico, Kansas and Wyoming quit after just two weeks on the job. "We worked three days and all of us are broke," the Associated Press quoted one teen as saying. Students elsewhere staged strikes. At the end, the A-TEAM was considered a giant failure and was never tried again.

Randy Carter is now in his 70s, a member of the Director's Guild of America who has notched some significant credits during his Hollywood career. Administrative assistant on The Conversation. Part of the casting department for Apocalypse Now. Longtime first assistant director on Seinfeld. Work on The Blues Brothers, The Godfather II and more.

He and his classmates still talk about their A-TEAM days at every class reunion. "We went through something that you can't explain to anyone, unless you were out there in that friggin' heat," he says. "It could only be lived."

But he says the experience also taught them empathy toward immigrant workers that Carter says the rest of the country should learn, especially during these times.


"There's nothing you can say to us that [migrant laborers] are rapists or they're lazy," he says. "We know the work they do. And they do it all their lives, not just one summer for a couple of months. And they raise their families on it. Anyone ever talks bad on them, I always think, 'Keep talking, buddy, because I know what the real deal is.' "

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Excerpted from NPR: The Salt

Archive August 23, 2018

"When The U.S. Government Tried To Replace Migrant Farmworkers With High Schoolers"

by Gustavo Arellano

Courtesy of the San Diego Union-Tribune