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Agrrawal, Pankaj, et al. “Using the Price-to-Earnings Harmonic Mean to Improve Firm Valuation Estimates.” Journal of Financial Education, vol. 36, no. 3/4, 2010, pp. 98–110And what is used in the industry? The Investment Company Institute, the mutual funds trade group, says funds may use any method they like to calculate P/E ratios. Spokesman Chris Wloszczyna says, "There are no regulations." At Vanguard, the industry's second-largest fund company, spokesman Brian Mattes says he's "not sure what methodology" the company uses to determine its funds' P/E ratios. Value Line reports an average P/E that is the arithmetic mean, but with negative P/Es and those greater than 100 excluded.
https://www.morningstar.com/invglossary/price_earnings_ratio.aspxThe (P/E) ratio of a fund is the weighted average of the price/earnings ratios of the stocks in a fund's portfolio. At Morningstar, in computing the average, each portfolio holding is weighted by the percentage of equity assets it represents, so that larger positions have proportionately greater influence on the fund's final P/E.
Some cryptocurrencies are intended to be 'stable' as in 'stablecoins' -- things like GUSD and others that are 1:1 pegged to a dollar and are always worth $1 and/or might fluctuate by a thousandth of a cent either way. By contrast, BTC is not pegged to anything and moves like anything else you might trade --- eg stocks or futures, so its value fluctuates and can fluctuate wildly. And don't get me started on the 'algorithmicly-pegged' (read: VERY FUNNY MONEY) cryptocurrencies masquerading as stablecoins ... those indeed are vaporware-based weapons of financial destruction as we're seeing with the TerraUSD/Luna s**tstorm this week.Sue Keenan, a late night commentator on Bloomberg TV, compared the drop in crypto to the recent stock market selloff - implying they were somehow related and both expected to behave in similar fashion. That doesn’t make sense to me. Isn’t Bitcoin supposed to be a currency with a stable value? Whereas stock markets are expected to move up and down reflecting the health and profitability of businesses at different times in the business cycle. One is a currency. The other is assuredly not.
I don’t pay much attention to Bitcoin, but did come across a good article today in the WSJ. Sounds like
it lost about half its value in short order. Ouch!
☞ Free link to WSJ ArticleFidelity Investments said it plans to hire another 12,000 people by September. The Boston financial firm expects to end the year with as many as 68,000 employees, up about 19% from the start of 2022, building on a hiring spree that began in late 2020. Fidelity hired 7,200 associates that year and another 16,600 in 2021. The bulk of the new hires will be in client-facing and technology roles.
Fidelity, a private company controlled by the Johnson family, reported an operating profit of $8.1 billion in 2021. Revenue rose 15%.
Fidelity said it ended the first quarter with 33.4 million brokerage accounts, up 3% since December and more than 40% since the end of 2019, when individual accounts numbered 22.5 million.
Since when? Climate science is not new:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_climate_change_scienceI am interested in companies' current actions on climate and not words. NYT, like most media these days, has devolved into selling outrage.
At one point about a decade ago 97% of climate scientists concurred based on many decades of research that anthropogenic climate change--the kind exacerbated by human activity, not the "natural" kind the current deniers fixate on--was a serious problem and threat. Many of the remaining 3% had ties to the fossil fuel industry. Now that percentage is 99% as the evidence is overwhelming. I would add that the evidence for climate science is far more conclusive than any financial theory currently accepted in the market or on Wall Street.In 1896 Svante Arrhenius used Langley's observations of increased infrared absorption where Moon rays pass through the atmosphere at a low angle, encountering more carbon dioxide (CO2), to estimate an atmospheric cooling effect from a future decrease of CO2. He realized that the cooler atmosphere would hold less water vapor (another greenhouse gas) and calculated the additional cooling effect. He also realized the cooling would increase snow and ice cover at high latitudes, making the planet reflect more sunlight and thus further cool down, as James Croll had hypothesized. Overall Arrhenius calculated that cutting CO2 in half would suffice to produce an ice age. He further calculated that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 would give a total warming of 5–6 degrees Celsius.[32]
Ang, Bhansali, and Xing, Taxes on Tax-Exempt Bonds, Sept 10, 2008.[M]any mutual fund companies, which control around one third of investments in municipal bonds, deliberately avoid market discount transactions even though purchasing these bonds would be good deals for their investors. Many investors in municipal mutual funds place their money with these funds expecting to receive distributions entirely exempt from tax, or perhaps expecting to pay capital gains tax, which may be evidence of superior bond picking ability by the mutual fund manager.
Note 1(h) to Financial Statements, Franklin Mutual Shares Annual Report and Shareholder Letter, Dec 31, 2021.Amortization of premium and accretion of discount on debt securities are included in interest income.
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